This is only a guide. Remember each test is comprehensive so look at your old notes and study chapters 3 & 11.
1. The Sympathetic Nervous system is responsible for the activation of the Fight or Flight response.
2. The Parasympathetic Nervous system is responsible for the slowing down of the heart, respiration and your breathing.
3. The heart is a muscle, has four chambers and functions as a double-pump. The four chambers are:
Right Atrium - Location of the Sinoatrial (SA) Node (pacemaker). It's also a storage site deoxygenated blood.
Right Ventricle - This is the bloods last stopping site before it is taken, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs.
Left Atrium - This is a storage site for oxygenated blood. Blood is brought here from the pulmonary vein.
Left Ventricle - This is the largest chamber of the heart. The heart muscle is the thickest around this part of the heart. When the LV contracts we get our Systolic blood pressure.
4. Pulmonary Circuit - This is the system which is responsible for taking deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart out to the lungs then bringing oxygenated blood back to the heart.
5. Systemic Circuit - This is the system which is responsible for moving oxygenated blood through the heart and throughout the body eventually ending at the heart again.
Oxygenated blood will go from the left ventricle, into the Aorta, into smaller Arteries, next into smaller Arterioles and finally the Capillaries where oxygen is given off and waste products (CO2) are picked up. The trek then begins back to the heart starting with Venuoles, Veins and finally into the Vena Cava which empties into the R. Atrium.
This statement will not be on your test but it should be noted: Some important organs, like your liver and kidneys will receive blood directly from the Aorta without going through the smaller arteries and arterioles.
6. Systolic B/P - The normal range is from 120-139. This is the pressure which is exerted on the artery walls when the heart contracts.
7. Diastolic B/P - Normal range is 70-89. This is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxing.
8. Hypertension - This is when you blood pressure exceeds 140/90
9. The artery which supplies the heart with blood is the Coronary Artery
10. Through aerobic exercise the coronary artery will open new blood vessels known as Collateral's. These Collaterals serve as secondary arteries for the heart.
11. Stroke - This is when the brain is deprived of oxygen. Here are three reasons why this might occur:
Embolism - This is a traveling clot
Thrombosis - This is a stationary clot
Hemorrhage (aneurysm) - Blood vessel burst
12. Angina Pectoris - Pain in the chest due to lack of blood/oxygen. This isn't a heart attack
13. Heart Attack - Myocardial Infarction
14. Congestive Heart Failure = When the heart has lost its ability to keep up with the demand of the circulatory system and you'll get fluid backing up (edema) in our tissues.
Congenital Heart Defect = This is a defect of the heart since birth.
15. Caucasians have a lower death rate of heart disease and cancer when compared to African Americans.
16. The cholesterol in our bodies are found in two forms (actually 3 but we only discussed two). They are:
A. LDL - These are the bad guys and can cause plaque to become built-up in our arteries (atherosclerosis)
B. HDL - These are the good guys. They escort LDL back to the liver for reprocessing or excretion. A total serum cholesterol level of 200mg/dl is desired. However, a ratio of total cholesterol/HDL is a more accurate way to determining where you rank. A ratio of no more than 4 is desirable and a ratio of 3.5 is optimal.
17. Gaseous exchanged at the muscular level is done so in the Capillaries. Gaseous exchanged at the lungs is done so at the Alveoli's.
18. Our three energy systems are:
Immediate - This lasts approximately up to 10 seconds and uses the stored ATP's for activities which last up to 10 seconds.
Nonoxidative or Anaerobic - This system is used primarily for activities which last for approximately 10 seconds to 2 minutes. This system uses two forms of carbohydrates for energy (glucose & glycogen). It also produces Lactic Acid which may lead to fatigue within the muscle.
Oxidative or Aerobic - This system uses oxygen to produce more ATP's. Which fuel is used (carbo's, protein or fat) depend on the intensity of the exercise as well as the fitness of the individual. This energy system generally starts when the activity lasts longer than 2 minutes.
19. VO2 Max. = This is the highest amount of oxygen your body can take in and utilize. Your VO2 Max conditioning will begin to deteriorate at 72 hours after cessation of exercise.
20. Primary Risk Factors for Heart Disease are: Smoking, Hypertension, High Cholesterol, Physical Inactivity, Obesity and Diabetes. Know about each of these.
21. Know the other risk factors currently being studied.
22. Our blood contains:
A. Erythrocytes - These are red blood cells (RBC) which contain the oxygen carrying molecule (Hemoglobin). If a person is low in iron they are said to be Anemic.
B. Leucocytes - These are white blood cells and they help boost our immune system by attacking infections. You may have a higher number of these if you currently have an infection.
C. Plasma - This is the liquid part of our blood. It's generally whitish or straw colored and is responsible for helping transport other constituents of our blood and helps with the regulation of blood pressure.
D. Platelets - These contain fibrin (protein) which help our blood to clot.
23. Look at the section "Common Questions Answered".
**You may encounter multiple choice, matching and true/false questions on your test so study accordingly**